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Functions and formulas in spreadsheets often rely on cell references to perform calculations and manipulate data. Cell references can be categorized into three main types: relative, absolute, and mixed.

Relative cell references adjust automatically when a formula is copied to another cell. For example, if you have a formula in cell A1 that references cell B1, and you copy it to cell A2, the reference will change to B2.

Absolute cell references, denoted by a dollar sign (e.g., $B$1), do not change when the formula is copied to another cell. This is useful when you want to keep a specific cell reference constant regardless of where the formula is moved.

Mixed cell references can contain both relative and absolute parts. For instance, $B1 has an absolute column reference (B) but a relative row reference (1). When copied down a column, the row number will change, but the column will remain constant.

Understanding and using these types of cell references effectively enables more dynamic and flexible formulas in your spreadsheets, enhancing data analysis and calculations.